A
No.2-1金卡 · A 级证据
戒烟,越早越好
说人话
吸烟的人平均比不吸烟的人少活十年以上。40 岁前戒掉,能把接着吸烟带来的死亡风险抹掉九成左右。戒得越早,捡回来的越多。骨折以后接着抽,骨头长不上的几率约是不抽的 2.3 倍,所以骨头没长好之前别抽。
收益 · 换回什么
美国一项跟踪一群人的研究(只记录、不分组)发现:现在还吸烟的人,比从不吸烟的人预期寿命短 10 年以上。40 岁前戒掉,可以消除继续吸烟所带来死亡风险的约 90%。25–34 岁戒烟约多活 10 年,35–44 岁约多活 9 年,45–54 岁约多活 6 年(原文以寿命年报告)。中国的同类研究:2010 年代,城市男性吸烟者的死亡风险是不吸烟者的 1.65 倍(RR 1.65),农村男性是 1.22 倍。主动戒烟满 10 年后,吸烟带来的这部分风险接近消失。骨折之后也一样。19 项只记录、不分组的研究合起来算,吸烟的人骨折不愈合(骨头长不上)的几率约是不吸烟者的 2.3 倍(OR 2.32,95% CI 1.76–3.06,已扣除其他因素)。小腿胫骨骨折和开放性骨折里同样偏高。瑞典一项随机试验里,骨折急诊手术后参加 6 周戒烟项目的 50 人,20% 出现至少一种术后并发症。没参加的 55 人是 38%。提前约好的手术,可以在术前 4 到 8 周开始戒烟,每周有人辅导,配尼古丁替代品。这样做术后并发症低约 58%(RR 0.42,95% CI 0.27–0.65,2 项试验、210 人)。
来源 · 6 条链接Jha P 等 (2013). 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. NEJM. doi.org/…
Chen Z 等 (2015). Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet. doi.org/…
Oberg M 等 (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. doi.org/…(二手烟那两个数字)
Scolaro JA 等 (2014). Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. doi.org/…
Nåsell H 等 (2010). Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. doi.org/…
Thomsen T 等 (2014). Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi.org/…(骨折和手术那几个数字)
Chen Z 等 (2015). Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet. doi.org/…
Oberg M 等 (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. doi.org/…(二手烟那两个数字)
Scolaro JA 等 (2014). Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. doi.org/…
Nåsell H 等 (2010). Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. doi.org/…
Thomsen T 等 (2014). Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. doi.org/…(骨折和手术那几个数字)